Chapter-7-Life Process
Life Processes
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1. Life Processes: All the process taken place in the body of an organism is known as life processes. They are vital process. These are nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion and photosynthesis.
2. Physiology: It is the branch of biology in which we study the life processes and function of organ (cell, tissues etc) called as Physiology.
3. Nutrition : The process of taking, consuming food or preparing the food by raw material to full fill the requirement of body is known as Nutrition.
4. Autotrophic Nutrition: That nutrition in which organisms prepare their own food by using raw material during of photosynthesis is known as autotrophic nutrition.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Q. What is photosynthesis? Give its site.
Ans. Photosynthesis is the method of autotrophic nutrition in which Green plants and some bacteria prepare their own food by using CO2, water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll to give out O2 and H2O is known as photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 12 H2O ––> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O + 114 KCaL.
The site of photosynthesis is leaf (palisade tissue) in which if occur in chloroplast (Light recation in granauma,dark reaction-stoma)
Q. Give the raw material along their source needed for photosynthesis?
Ans: The raw materials of photosynthesis are:
(1) CO2: Obtained from air taken through stomata.
(2) H2O: Obtained from soil absorbed by root transfer to leaf through xylem.
(3) Sunlight: It is obtained from sun through upper surface.
Q. What is chlorophyll? Give its compound with its colour?
Ans: Chlorophyll is the pigment needed for photosynthesis it is present in leaf and act as Kitchen. Chlorophyll has four compound they are:
(1) Chlorophyll A ––> it is blue, green co lour.
(2) Chlorophyll B ––> it is of yellow and green colour.
(3) Xanthophylls ––> it is of yellow colour.
(4) Carotene ––> it is of orange colour.
Chlorophyll contains mg and iron compound.
Q. Give the colour of light in which rate of photosynthesis becomes different ?
Ans:
(1) The photosynthesis occurs at different speed indifferent colour. The light rays of short wave length have greater energy so its rate is maximum.
(2) In red and blue colour it is maximum.
(3) In orange colour it is minimum.
(4) In green colour it is nil.
Q. In which form the energy is released by sun taken by plants?
Ans: The energy of sun in light waves is present in particular form called as quanta & photons.
Q. What is compensation point?
Ans : All plants do respiration whole the day and night in which they use O2 and give out CO2. In day during sunlight they do photosynthesis in which they use CO2 and give out O2. In morning, evening or in cloudy time rate of photosynthesis is less or become equal to respiration then amount of CO2 taken is equal to produced. The stage when amount no net CO2 uptake is done by plant is called compensation point.
Q. Give the test to check presence of starch?
Ans: Take a leaf of plant then boil it in alcohol over water bath till the green colour disappears. Now take out the leaf wash with water and pour few drops of weak iodine solution till leaf become blue black then it contain starch or not then.
Q. Show the light is very important for photosynthesis?
Ans: Take a potted plant and cover its small part of a leaf by black paper from upper and lower surfaces leave it for few hrs. Then eat-ach the leaf now tests the leaf for starch. Now all leaf blue black expect the covered part where light does not fall. So light is very important for photosynthesis.
Q. Show that chlorophyll is very important for photosynthesis?
Ans : Take a plant whose leaf has two colours like coleus or croton. Now trace it and mark green and other colour on the tracing paper. Now test this leaf for starch by boiling in alcohol and washing with water and adding weak iodine solution. Now one part of the leaf becomes blue black. Now compare with tracing paper. Now previous green paper blue black. Photosynthesis take place in part only having chlorophyll.
Q. Show the oxygen is produce during photosynthesis?
Ans. Take a water plant hydrilla in beaker covered with funnel, fill the beaker with water and add pinch of NaHCO3 it with a inverted cover funnel with water fill test tube keep it in sunlight by which it can do photosynthesis. Formed gas collects in test tube. Take out test tube cover with thumb. Take splinter and being near test tube, open test tube. Now splinter starts burning showing that test tube has oxygen.
Q. Show carbon dioxide is very important for photosynthesis?
Ans: Take a potted plant having long leaf and a bottle having KOH with half divided cork. Now fit half leaf in the cork in start it in bottle. Now leave it for 3 to 4 hrs. Now de-attach leaf, remove from bottle to test. Now the part will become blue black which was outside the bottle and the part which was inside the bottle do not become blue black because KOH absorb all the CO2.
\ Carbon dioxide is important for photosynthesis.
HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
That nutrition in which the organisms depend on autotrophic for their food requirement is known as Heterotrophic nutrition. Example: Non Green Plants, Animals.
FOOD:--- It is the collection of various items which are taken during nutrition to full fill the requirement of body is known as food.
NUTRIENTS:---These are complex compounds present in food item and needed by body called as nutrients.
(1) Carbohydrates: Energy providing.
Fats: Energy per and insulation.
Vitamin: Raw material
Minerals: Raw materials for formation of pigments.
Proteins:- Growth & body building
Water:-Help in transporation
Function of Food
(a) It provides various raw materials to produce energy.
(b) It provides raw material for growth and development (Protein and minerals)
(c) It helps to maintain the metabolic processes like respiration (vitamin and minerals)
(d) It provides raw materials to form blood pigment, bones, tissues and muscles
(e) It helps to form antigens and antibodies to fight infections and diseases.
(f) It provides water for transportation of useful substances, waste substances and also to maintain the body temperature & osmotic pressure .
CHEMOSYNTHESIS:----Process of formation of food by some bacteria in absence of light to combine SO2 & H2S and form organic substance along with sulphur dioxide & energy.
Example: Iron Bacteria----- CO2 + 2H2S –> CH2O + H2O + 2S
Q. Give various mode of heterotrophic nutrition?
Ans :
(a) Microphagy: That habit in which an organism consumes other organisms by filtration.
E.g. Whale shark.
(b) Macrophagy: Those organisms which eat bigger organism either by engulfing or chewing.
E.g. Crocodile, man.
(c) Herbivores: Organisms depending upon only green plants. E.g. Cow.
(d) Carnivores: Organisms which eat flesh only. E.g. Tiger.
(e) Omnivores: Those organisms which depended on flesh & plant both. E.g. Man.
(f) Fugivorous: Those which eat fruits and seed. E.g. Birds.
(g) Saprozoic: Those which eat depended on dead and decay matter.
(h) Detritivores: Those organisms which depended upon dead decaying parts of plant are known as Detritivores. E.g. Kite, Vultures.
(i) Holozoic: That nutrition in which organism consumes solid food which require in question, digestion, absorption etc. E.g. Man.
(j) Saprophytic: That in which same plants depended upon dead decaying matter & absorb liquid food and plants are called as saprophytic. E.g. Fungus.
(k) Parasitic Nutrition: Those organisms depended upon other living organisms for food, shelter or both known as parasitic nutrition & organisms is known as Parasitic. E.g. ticks.
Parasitic which like outside the body of host is Ectoparasite, which live inside the body is Endoparasite.
(l) Pathogen: Those parasites which can cause diseases in host. E.g. Plasmodium causes malaria. e.g. Plant haustoria.
Q. Name the organ of digestive system of human body and explain.
Ans: The digestive system of man contains various organs starting from mouth. In mouth has four salivary glands, below it there is esophagus connecting to stomach. From stomach a C-Shape pipe connects to small intestine is duodenum. At duodenum two glands are connecting through ducts which are pancreas and liver. Small intestine ends to large intestine which becomes rectum and anus.
The digestion process of human body studied as holozic nutrition.
1. Ingestion: The process of taking or consuming food in mouth. In mouth it is chewed by teeth and saliva is mixed in it.
2. Digestion: The processes of chemical break down of complex food material into simple food material by the action of enzymes.
Digestion in human body
A. Digestion: During digestion firstly saliva starts acting in mouth. The saliva has ptyalin which converts starch into maltase. Now this food reaches into stomach through esophagus. The stomach has gastric juice having hydrochloric acid pepsin, renin (only in children) Hydrochloric acid kills the germs while pepsin changes protein into proteases and peptone. The liver secretes bile juice which emulsifies fats and the enzymes of pancreas starts acting The main enzymes are amylopsin which convert starches into sugar, trypsin which coverts protein peptone’s into amino acids and amylase converts fat into fatty acids or glycerol. Now food enter into small intestine where intestinal juices contain erepsin which converts all type of protein into amino acids maltase, sucrase and lactase convert maltose, sucrose and lactose into glucose enzymeof pancreas start’s acting. The main enzymes are amylopsin which converts starches into sugar, trypsin which coverts protein peptone’s into amino acids and amylase converts fat into fatty acids
3 ABSORPTION: All digested simple food substance starts absorbing by small intestine by the of villies. The process of absorption simpler food substance by small intestine as called as absorption.
4. Assimilation: The process of converting simpler food substances into useful compound like proteins, DNA etc for further use is known as assimilation.
5 Egestion: The process of removal of undigested and unabsorbed substance out of body called as egestion. The final product is removed as stool process is called egestion.
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Region |
Secretion (source gland) |
Enzymes |
Nutrients affected |
Product of digestion |
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Mouth |
Saliva (Salivary Glands) |
Ptyalin (Salivary Glands) |
Starch |
Maltose |
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Oesophagus |
None |
- |
- |
- |
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Stomach |
Gastric juice and Hydrochloric acid (Lining of stomach) |
Pepsin (Works in acidic medium) |
Proteins |
Proteoses* and peptones+ |
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Renin (Not found in adult humans) |
Milk protein or caseinogen |
Curdles milk casein |
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Duodenum |
Bile (Liver) |
None |
Fats |
Emulsified fats, food made alkaline |
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Amylopsin (Pancreatic amylase) |
Starch |
Maltose |
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Pancreatic juice (Pancreas) |
Trypsin |
Proteins |
Proteoses, peptones, peptideso and amino acids |
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Stepasin (Lipase) |
Emulsified Fats |
Fatty acids and glycerol |
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Ileum(Small Intestine) |
Intestinal juice (Intestinal glands between villis) |
Erepsin (Peptidase) |
Proteins and peptides |
Amino acids |
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Maltase |
Maltose |
Glucose |
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Sucrase (Invertase) |
Sucrose |
Glucose and fructose |
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Lactase |
Lactose |
Glucose and galactose |
Summary of enzymes of human alimentary canal and their substrates. End products of digestion have been printed in bold face
*Proteose = One of a group of derived proteins intermediate between native proteins and peptones; soluble in water.
+Peptone = A water soluble mixture of Proteoses and amino acids derived from albumin, meat or milk.
o Peptide = A compound of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Functions of Various parts :-
1 Mouth:- Mesticate food, mix saliva and mucous.
2 Mucous:- Soften food & prevent inner lining of food pipe from the action of acid and spices.
3 Gallbladder:- It stores bile juice
4 Liver:-Create bile decompose waste cell, other waste material into less toxic material & separate heame to form bile juice.
5 Bile Juice:-Emulsified fats and neutralize the acidic medium to change medium of food into alkaline. Help in the action of enzymes of Pancreas.
6 Duodenum:- Slows down the food mix bile juice & Pancreatic enzymes.
7 Small Intestine (Ileum):- Secrets Intestinal juice (from Intestinal glands between villies).
8 Villies:- Absorb food, Increase the area of absorption, slows down the speed of food to increase the rate of absorption.
9 Large Intestine:- Store undigested food, absorb water and other nutrients.
RESPIRATION
Define Respiration and give its types and sites.
(A). What is glycolysis?
Ans : It is the common process & to both aerobic and anaerobic, respiration. In this process one glucose molecule de-composes in 2 molecule of pyruvic acid and gives total 8 ATP molecule..It takes place in cytoplasam.
C6 H12 O6 –––> 2 C3 H6 O3 or CH3 CO CH2 OH + 8 ATP
(B) The process of oxidation of food in the presence or absence of O2 to form energy is respiration
C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 ––––> 6CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (38 ATP)
It is of two types :
1. Aerobic Respiration : That Respiration which take place in presence of oxygen inside mitochondria during which glucose is completely oxidized into carbon dioxide and water producing 38 ATP
C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 ––> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
2. Anaerobic Respiration : That respiration takes place of oxygen inside cytoplasm during is oxidized in completely in ethyl alcohol and CO2 along with 2 ATP is known as anaerobic respiration C6 H12 O6 ––> CO2 + Ethylalcohol
C6 H12 O6 ––> 2C2 H5OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP E
Comparison
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Aerobic Respiration (1) It takes place in the presence of O2. (2) It takes place in mitochondria only (3) C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ––> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (38 ATP) (4)In this process 38 ATP are produce (5) It is cyclic, TCA OR (Krebs Cycle) (6) Done under favorable condition |
Anaerobic Respiration. (1) It takes place in the absence of O2. (2) It take place in cytoplasm into de Carbon dioxide and alcohol. (3) C6 H12 O6 ––> 2C2 H5OH + 2CO2 +Energy (2 ATP) 2 ATP + Eythel alcohol (4) In this process 2 ATP are produce (5) It is non cyclic (6) Done under unfavorable condition |
2A :In human muscles other Anaerobic respiration occurs to produces lactic acid (responsible for cramps) and carbon dioxide is produced.
Q. Give some organisms and their respiratory organs?
Ans : ORGANISMS ORGAN
Plant Stomata and lenticels cells.
Fungi body surface or cell membrane.
Algae body surface or cell membrane
Insect Spiracle and tracheae.
Fish Gills.
Frog Lungs, skin and buccul ---------Human being lungs
Q. Name the organ of respiratory system of man?
Answer: The human respiratory system consist of various organ in chest cavity. It starts from nose cavity, mouth cavity and throat. Below it epiglottis and glottis as a preventing valve then there is a voice box (larynx and Adam apple). The lower part of trachea (having cartilages rings to preventing from collapsing) is connected with lung by the help of bronchus. This bronchus is divided into bronchiole and then alveolus which are covered by thin blood capillaries arising lower side of pulmonary artery and changing into pulmonary vein. This blood vessels absorb oxygen by haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin and loose/given out CO2 to alveolus and by the action of diaphragm..
Q. Give respiration mechanism of man with composition of in haled and exhaled air?
Answer: The breathing mechanism is operated by movement of diaphragm. When diaphragm moves up word then air is exhaled because pressure get increased in chest cavity when diaphragm move in downward, side then volume of chest cavity increases, pressure decrease, air entered from nose to fill lungs & then alveolus so it is called as Inhalations. When diaphragm moves in up word direction lungs then air is expelled through nose into atmosphere.
Composition of air during
Inhaled Exhaled
1. Nitrogen 79% 79%
2. Oxygen 21% 17%
3. CO2 0.03% 4%
4. Argon 0.9% 0.9%
5. H2Ovapour varies saturated
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BREATHING 1. It is done by only higher plants and animals 2. It is a physical exchange of gases between body an atmosphere the body and atmosphere into process. 3. It occurs at organ level. 4. Energy is used. 5. Enzymes are not important for this process. 6. CO2 is taken out and O2 is taken by lungs. 7. It is of one type. |
RESPIRATION 1. It is done by all organism 2. It is biochemical process of Oxidation food 3. It occurs at cellular level. 4. Energy is produced. 5. Enzymes are very important For this process. 6. O2 is taken by cell. 7.It is of two type. Aerobic and Anaerobic. |
TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS
In living body various material are transported from one place to another which including useful substances and waste material. This transfer of material is known as transport of materials in man it is done by circulation and in plants it is done by muscular bundles.
1. DIFFUSION:
It the process of movement of molecules of substances from the region of high concentration to one of lower concentration to one of lower concentration without any energy till the concentration, finally become uniform concentration
Diffusion is faster in gaseous medium then liquid and then the solid.
2. OSMOSIS:
The process of movement of molecule of water or dilute to a concentrated solution through a selectively permeable membrane is known OSMOSIS.
3. ENDO OSMOSIS:
The movement of water molecules through a semi permeable towards the area of greater of concentration of a dissolved substances is known as Endo Osmosis.
4. ECTO OSMOSIS:
The process of removal of water molecule from the area of high concentration to outside is known as Ecto Osmosis.
5. OSMOTIC PRESSURE
The pressure developed by a solution when water moves across a semi permeable membrane is known as OSMOTIC PRESSURE. It is directly proportional to differences of concentration of water molecule of neither side of membrane.
6. TURGIDITY:
The process by which a cell absorb water molecule and become hard by swelling up is known as turgidity and cell are called as Turgid and if they lose water become soft called as flaccid.
7. TURGOR PRESSURE:
The pressure created by water molecule on the cell membrane is known as TURGOR PRESSURE.
Q. Give the Mechanism of working of guard cell ?
Answer : The working of guard cell depend upon the turgidity which created by OSMOTIC concentration of SAP when concentration of water increases due to ENDOSMOSIS then guard cell become turgid and open path of stomata when concentration of water is less then guard cell losses their water and become flaccid then closing path of stomata.
8 Translocation: It is the process of movement of dissolved substances from one part to another part of plant is known as translocation.
(9) TRANSPIRATION:
The process of removal of water in the form of vapors by leafs known as transpiration. It is of 3 types.
(a) Cuticular transpiration: That transpiration which is done by cuticle is known as cuticular transpiration.
(b) Stomatal: That transpiration which is done through the stomata is known as stomatal transpiration.
(c) LENTICULAR TRANSPIRATION: That transpiration which is done through lenti cell is known as lenticular transpiration.
9. (A) ASCENT OF SAP: The upward movement of sap that contains water and minerals, through xylem vessels is known as Ascent of Sap. It is carried by tetroids and vessels.
10. VASCULAR BUNDLE: In Plants the transportation of material is done through sieve, pipes and tubes known as vascular bundle. This bundle contains xylem and phloem.
(a) Xylem: These are dead tube. They are hard. They have no nucleus. They start from root and reach leaf. They have no sieve. It carries water and mineral from the root to the leaf.
(b) Phloem: They are tubes made up of living cell. They have nucleus. They are soft. They have sieve. They carry the substances by the direction. They are externally present. They carry prepared food from the leaf to all the parts.
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XYLEM 1. They are hard tube and vessels. 2. They are dead. 3. They carry the substance in one direction. (upward). 4. They have no sieve plate. 5. They have no nucleus. 6. The pressure in the xylem is negative. 7. They are placed centrally in plants. 8. It carries water and minerals from the substance from the leaf to root to the leaf. |
PHLOEM 1. They are soft tube 2. They are living. 3. They carry the substance in all direction. 4. They have sieve plate. 5. They have nucleus. 6. The pressure in phloem is positive. 7. They are placed in side of outer xylem. 8. It carries prepare food all the part. |
Q. What is transpiration cohesion mechanism?
Ans: It plants the ascent of sap is done by transpiration cohesion mechanism. In this system water is lost through leaf by transpiration. The loss of water create a vacuum resulting suction pressure on water in xylem vessel by this water come starts rising up and the suction cools the water through roots. Thus the cohesion water molecules in the column make a regular flow of water from the root to the leaf.
BLOOD CIRCULATION
In man the transportation is done by circulatory system it has two main compounded blood & lymph.
Q. What is Blood? Given it’s compounded?
Ans: It is fluid connective tissue which circulates in the body to connect all cells and tissues. Its main liquid part is plasma which contains RBC, WBC platelets.
1. Red blood Cell (RBC) or Erythrocytes ––> This are small round by concave, cell thinner at centre without nucleus. They are in colour due to presence of hemoglobin containing iron. They are million per cubic millimeter. They help in the transportation of O2 and CO2.
2. White blood cells or leucocytes :
This is bigger with nucleus and containing antibodies as protein. They are of five types:
(i) Lymphocyte (ii) Monocyte (iii) Neutrophil (iv) Eosinophil (v) Basophil
They have engulfing. They are about 5000 per micro liter. They can prevent various infections and eat up germs & other diseases causing microbes can be considered as soldier.
Blood platelets or thrombocytes:
These are small spherical pigment about 4,00,000 per cubic millimeter of blood. They have property to clot and prevent further loss of wound.
Plasma: It is liquid part of blood which little yellowish in colour and contains all type of blood components and food (salts, glucose, proteins) and waste products (dead cells, CO2). It helps to transfer all the substance from one point to another point.
(a) SERUM: When we remove clotting protein fibrinogen from plasma or blood then it is known as serum.
Q. Give the function of blood?
Answer: Blood provide various compounds to body & O is very important
1. It helps in transportation of O2 and CO2
2. It carries various food substances from the inter to all the blood.
3. It carries various formed waste substances from the point of formation to excretion place or organs.
4. Its helps in transport chemical like heaem to require place.
5. They carry all type of antibodies from place of formation to the place of utilization to fighting, diseases & germs.
6. It helps to maintain H2O, pH & temperature of body.
7. It supports the body by causing blood pressure.
8. It prevents blood loss by making blood cat.
9. It maintain inner environment of body by processing, transportation and excretion.
Q. Explain various organ of circulatory system? With their function.
Answer: Double circulation :-In human each volume of blood circulates two times from the heart so it is double circulation.In one cycle the blood circulates from the lungs into the heart and second cycle from the heart to the body and back to the heart so it is called as double circulation.
(a) PULMONARY : Blood flows between lungs & heart. Deoxygenated from Right ventricle through pulmonary artery. In lungs blood takes up oxygen and carries by pulmonary vein to left auricle.
(b) Systemic Circulation : In this circulation the blood moves between heart & Body part. From left ventricle the blood is
carried by aorta & its branch is to all parts used blood is carried back by veins to right auricle.
Human System is of closed type having organs, heart, artery, capillaries, & veins.
1. Heart: It is 4 chambered organ having 2 compartment upper compartment are auricles & they receive blood. Lower compartment are ventricles. They pump blood out of heart. Between auricle and ventricle there are bicuspid wall & main artery connecting to ventricle have semi lunar valves. The main tube bringing blood to heart are pre venaecavae, post venaecavae and & pulmonary veins. Main tube which carry blood are aorta, pulmonary artery value diving heart is septum (Pericardium).
2. Arteries : Are main tubes carrying blood & supply blood to lungs or body parts. Tube carry blood to lung from Right ventricle is pulmonary artery (De oxygenated) Aorta which has blood has oxygenated blood. Both are controlled by semi lunar values.
3. Veins : These Blood vessel carry blood to heart. Main blood vessel is venaecavae & other is pulmonary which carry blood to left auricle. (Oxygenated)
4. Capillaries : Are very small blood tubes starting from artery & supply blood other small blood vessel collect used blood from cell & given to veins.
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Arteries 1. Their valve is thick & elastic 2. They carry blood from heart. 3. They have oxygenated blood expect pulmonary artery. 4. The blood flows with jerk. 5. They have valves. 6. They are placed little be lower than veins. |
Veins 1. Their valve is thin & rigid. 2. They Bring blood to heart. 3. They have deoxygenated blood expect pulmonary vein. 4. The blood flows regular. 5. They have no valves. 6. Veins are present near the outer skin. |
SYSTEM OF CIRCULATION IN HUMAN BEING
Q. Explain the terms : Heart beat, Blood Pressure and Pulse ?
Answer : Pulse : when blood is pumped with jerks then wall of artery expand & contract. This expansion and contraction of artery is pulse. It is known as pulse. It is about (72/min)
Heart beat : When blood enters and go out creating sound of lub & dub.This sound of heart is called as heart beat.
BLOOD PRESSURE : Blood when enters in ventricles than it cause pressure on wall of artery. When auricle get emptied then pressure on wall of artery is more systolic pressure 120 mm of Hg when vein get filled then pressure become less called diastolic pressure ( 80 mm Hg). Blood pressure is measured by sphygmomanometer.
Q. What is lymph ? Compare with blood ?
Ans : It is a tissue fluid in which tissues are active produce by cells after using various substance from blood has no RBC and platelets contain O2, glucose amino acid and waste product.
Flows in lymphatic system around veins & enters in RA. Has Yellow colour due to absence of RBC & flows from tissue to heart.
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BLOOD 1. Blood is of Red Colour. 2. Blood contain RBC and platelets with various other substance. 3. Less WBC 4. Flows in both direction 5. Flows in circulatory system through heart artery & veins., |
LYMPH 1. Lymph is of yellow colour. 2. Lymph contains no RBC and platelets & and other substance like blood. 3. More WBC. 4. Flows in only one direction 5. Flows in circulatory system of lymphatics vessels and open body cavity finely venaecavae. |
EXCRETION
Q. What is Excretion ?
Ans : Process of removal of toxic & harmful waste material formed during various metabolic process from body to environment is called as excretion.
Main excretory products are nitrogenous waste like ammonia, uric acid, pyuric acid with CO2 bile cells, salts and digestive waste with excesses of H2O.
Q. Give various organ of excretion and product.
Ans.
1. Skin : Has sweat glands in which extra H2O with urea salts and other wastes are collected and thrown in form of sweat. (Thermo substance).
2. Lungs : In respiration organ through which CO2 is excreted.
3. Liver: It is main indirect excretory, organ because it converts harmful toxic ammonia into less toxic urea excreted through kidney. Also produce bile pigment formed by haeme of decomprised RBC when various pothagens are killed by WBC then their body is convert into harmless substance by lever.
4. Kidney : It is main excretory organ which helps to purify blood by removal of bile pigments and harmful substance in form of urine.
FORMATION OF URINE
Q. Give organ of excretory system of man ?
Ans : Excretory system has pair of kidneys containing with renal artery and veins also with ureters which is containing with urinary bladder. At top of kidney there is adrenal gland which control function of kidney. Renal artery arises from aorta and renal vein arisen from ending into inferior venaecavae.
Q. Structure of kidney ?
Ans : Human kidney is reddish brown pair structure connecting with renal artery and vein ureters lies in abdominal cavity near the back bones.
The kidney has show a darker outer portion the cortex and lighter inner zone, the medulla and middle space from where blood vessel start in pelvis. Inside kidney the million of renal tubules are present called as nephrons.
Q. Explain the structure of nephrons ?
Ans : In human kidney the function unit is nephrons which are also known as renal tubules. It starts as a cup called as Bowman’s capsule. This capsule changes in to proximal convoluted tubule than it changes as henle loop, distal convoluted tubule and finally becomes a collecting tubules. A branch of renal artery becomes glomerulus's and efferent arteriole. This vessel branched into various small tubes which overlap henle loop and convoluted tubule finally it becomes a branch of renal vein.
Q. WHAT IS DIALYSIS ?
Ans : The process of purifying blood by nephrons in which smaller molecules and substance get separated in convoluted tubule keeping.
The bigger molecule like proteins inside known as dialysis it is done in glomerulus's.
The distil blood enter in the different vessel and all the useful compound are re-absorbed by vessel by convoluted. Finally all waste substances in blood along with water enter the collecting vessel finally reach’s urinary bladder through urethra. The remaining substances in blood vessel finally in to branch of renal vein and renal artery.
Q. What is artificial kidney?:-- Answer : It is that system which is used to purify blood artificial when actual kidney fails to do so is known as artificial kidney. It does artificial filtration (hemodialysis) process outside the body when whole blood is circulated through it.
Q. Give the composition of urine ?
Answer : It is a waste material having larger amount of water with many waste material.
Q. How do plant excretion?
Answer : Plants produce various waste material which is solid, liquid & gaseous. The main waste is water, CO2 and O2. The other materials which are useful for plant are Rhizopus, calcium oxalate and calcium carbonate. The gum are excreted through stem or cuts some tannin is stored in bark are removed by shedding some compound like calcium oxalate etc. get store in winter some compound are excrete through diffusion.
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