Chapter-16-Management of Natural Resources
CLASS-X Management of Natural Resources Prepared by : Inderjeet Bhatia
Q-1 What is environment? Give its components
Ans: The physical and biological world around us where we live and survive is called as environment.It has three factors/components:-
Physical surroundings:- It includes non-living components like soil ,land ,water bodies & atmosphere or air.
Meteorological/Climate factors:- These factors influence the living like sunlight, temperature, rainfall, humidity, pressure, and wind speed.
components:- Those components which constitute the biotic environment the biotic environment are called as living components. They are plants, animals and microorganisms. They also constitute biological environment.
Q-2 What is socio-cultural environment ?
Ans:- It is that environment which includes historical, cultural, political, moral, economical and aesthetic aspects of human life constitute socio-cultural environment .In this environment we c an make various procedures, laws and other crime-protection legislatures etc. for maintaining the environment.
Q-3 Give the relationship of man with his environment ?
Ans:- Man has very delicate relation with his environment.
ECOLOGY:- It is a branch of biology that deals with the relationship of man & his environment including all type of living forms and non-living components.
ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCE:- By various activities of man, the balance of the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere is disturbed. Is is done by imbalancing of the cycling of various materials, extra retaining in the components of biosphere. this results in unwanted disappearance of various factors, rise in population of some species and reduction in other. This process is called ecological imbalance. Hence, hunting of carnivores incerease in the population of herbivores and decerease of vegetation.
Accidental leakage of various chemicals & oils-----Accidental leakage of Methyl Iso-cyanate (MIC) from Union Carbide on 2nd December 1984 in Bhopal caused death of thousands of people and disabled lakhs.
Accidental leakage of crude oil or petroleum from tankers in seawater causes Oil Slick, which is very dangerous type of pollutions. It kills large number of aquatic animals by disconnecting the supply of air and make large number of birds and animals disabled by depositing oil on their body or body parts.In English Channel 118000 tone of crude oil was leaked accidentally by Torreycanyon ship and to remove this slick 2 million liters of detergent was used to clear it which caused further pollution.
URBANIZATION:- Urbanization causes removal of forests, covering of land by various types of houses. The formation of cities require transportation, raw materials for construction, food for people living there and other related substances can causes all types of pollution.
INDUSTRIALIZATION:- Modern lifestyle increases the dependence on industries. Therefore the growth in population causes rapid increase in industries. This results in increase in pollution of air, water and land along noise pollution. The requirement of raw material increases the on-land resulting in various types of mining (open or closed) shifting of natural biota and displacement of native species.Some types of atomic and radioactive industries cause very dangerous waste. So industrialization causes major ecological imbalance.
Human Activities:- The activities like bathing, washing clothes, excretion, use of chemical, foaming agents, cooking fuels, various types of fibers like synthetic fibers may disturb the ecological balance.Various settlements along the riverside cause pollution in the river. The most affected settlement is that which is the lowermost in the stream.
Q-4 How soil replenishment takes place
Ans:- The soil be maintained according to its nutrients level and fertility but it is decreased by monoculture (growing one type of crop again and again). Therefore various steps must be taken to increase agricultural production along with replenishment of soil. It is done by:
1. Crop Rotation
2. Field Fallow
3. Mixed and Multiple cropping
4. Balanced use of fertilizers and pesticides
5. Q-5 How replenishment of ground water takes place ?
6. Ans: The group water is depleted by deforestation, over cropping and over pumping of water.
WATER TABLE:- It is the level of land below surface where mud particles are saturated by water and this water can be separated without external force is called as water table.The Water Table must be maintained by various methods is called as Replenishment of Water. It is done by:-
1. Less use of underground water.
2. Less cutting of trees and doing afforestation.
3. By using water stoppers and binders to maintain the natural water in open and then allow it for seepage.
4. The water should be used in balanced manner by preventing wastage and help in maintenance of Water cycle.
Q-8 What is Deforestation & Afforestation ?
Ans: DEFORESTATION:- The process of cutting tress at large scale in a single area regularly is called Deforestation.Ill Effects
1-Less rain. 2-Excessive Flooding. 3---Soil Erosion and removal of upper fertile layer.4---Destruction of natural habitat or natural biota. 5---Rise in local temperature 6---Increase in pollutant level.
AFFORESTATION:- The process of renewing forests by planting trees on the deforested area and growing of new plants, trees in barren land (Afforestation).
Q-7 What are the changes in Ecology, Water table & Water Cycle by afforestation ?
Ans:- ADVANTAGES:
1. It gives more fuel and wood for use.
2. It changes ecology of that area with Water Cycle.
3. It increase transpiration and thus control flooding and increases rainfall of that area.
4. By the plant suction power the Water Table of that area rises.
5. The less flooding or controlled flooding with opposing force of trees the water speed can be prevented to cause soil erosion.
6. Trees reduce the speed of the rain. Also the speed of wind is reduced. Thus the upper fertile layer is prevented by loss.
7. By Increase in the moisture of that area, the decaying process increases resulting in filling up of nutrient pool.
Q-8. Give the uses of forest for industrial processes ?
Ans:- The uses of forests for industrial processes are:
1. It gives more fuel and wood foe use.
2. It provides more raw material like wood for furniture and building material.
3. It provides raw material for rayon and paper industry.
4. It provides various other chemicals like tannins, resins, gums, rubber and medicines.
5. It also increase various life forms giving useful products like honey and lac.
Q-9 Give the factors affecting biological bodies or biota or size of population.
Ans:- The components which can influence the living are categorized into three factors:
1. Physical surrounding.
2. Living organisms
3. Meteorological/Climatic factors
Factors affecting population of species in a given area
1. Availability of food material and other requirements related to food.
2. Availability of living space or shleter or domain.
3. Intra-species competition
4. Intra-species competition or predation
(a) Availability of abiotic factors
(b) By the influence of natural calamity like draught, flooding, epidemic and earthquake.
Q-10 Give the effect of unplanned technological growth on environment or abiotic factors?
Ans:- Unplanned technological growth causes following effects:-
A. Excessive excavation/Utilization of natural resources like Air, Water, Soil.
B. Excessive use of fossil fuels and polluting agents.
C. Depletion of ozone layer with the use of CFCs and aerosols.
D. Excessive use of chemicals like pesticides (Biomagnification) and fertilizers.
E. Excessive use of forests or deforestation.
F. Excessive use of various metals by excessive mining of ores.
G. Excessive use of nuclear power plants.
Unplanned technology led to influence in other biotic & abiotic factors.
Q11. Give the ill effects of fossil fuels ?
Ans:- When fossil fuels are used then varoious types of pollutants are released.
1. When coal is burnt out, then CO2 (Green-House effect), CO (Suffocation), SO2 (Acid Rain), ashes like Fly Ash (Darkening of buildings), CFCs (Ozone Hole).
2. Use of Oil (Crude Oil & Petrol) gives CO2 (Green house effect), CO (Suffocation), Hydrocarbons (Blackening of bodies), Photochemical smog, Oxides of sulphur & Nitrogen (Acid Rain), Photochemical Process (Ozone Hole), Lead (Lead Poisoning).
Q12 What is Ozone Layer? How is it formed? Give the advantages of Ozone layer, causes of depletion (Ozone Hole) and consequences?
Q13 What is Biomagnification of pesticides or Bioconcentration? How is it caused? Explain with a suitable aquatic food chain occurring in 1982? How is it dangerous to human beings?
Q14 Explain an example of Unplanned Technological growth and its ill effcets?
OR
How Aswan Dam is useful as well as harmful ?
Ans:- When Aswan Dam was built on River Nile in 1957, then purpose was:
1. To prevent annual flooding of the river.
2. To prevent enough water for irrigation throughout the year and hence increase the agricultural output.
3. Generate electricity by hydro-electric power plants for rapid development of industries and related technical growth.
Along this useful aspects, ill aspects were created by this unplanned growth:
1. The quality of soil decreases, the fertility is lost because the actual flooding enriches the soil by annual nutrient rich silt.
2. The excessive use of chemical fertilizers requires them to put high power chemical industries. Thus pollution level rises.
3. The large numbers of canals for irrigation were formed which increased the salt content of nearby areas and thus decreased the productivity (decrease fertility and product).
4. The annual production of Sardine fish reduced by 97% because barriers controlled various pathways of water. Thus, they remained in the dam. Increase in population in a particular area.
5. The final effect was the displacement of native species and numerous villages from flooding zone.
Q15. Why wildlife is necessary 9based on Predators/Carnivores) ?
Ans:- predators (Carnivores) are very important components for environment and ecological balance. They can control the population of Herbivores and provide food to smaller carnivores or detrivores. Thus the food chain remains balanced overpopulation of species doesn't occur as well as nutrient pool is f\refilled E.g. Snake eats up rats and other rodents. Thus protecting the food crops and stored food grains. Thus prevent excessive loss.
Q-16 Give various wildlife protection steps ?
Ans:-To control the decreasing population of predators and other wildlfe, we should observe:
a. Proper ban on all types of hunting (poaching).
b. Proper legislations are made to control illegal activities of poaching.
c. Providing knowledge to all members of society for the importance of wildlife along their natural beauty life.
d. By making various protected areas like National Parks and Sanctuaries.
e. By issuing particular animal to particular big industrial groups for protection.
f. By preservation of reproductive cells of all types of wildlife to maintain the gene poof.
Q17 Give the examples of wildlife sanctuaries and related animals?
Ans:- Following are the examples of wildlife sanctuaries and related animals.
a. Jim Corbett National Park: Tiger.
b. Sunderban Sanctuary: Bengal Tiger.
c. Kanha Sanctuary: Rhinoceros.
d. Gir Sanctuary: Lion
e. Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary: Water Birds.
f. Ranthambore National Park: Mainly cheetah
Q18. What do you understand by environmental planning ?Give its components.
Ans: Environmental planning is the step taken for judicious use of environment by taking administrative and legislative measures to control pollution of an aspects with proper ecological balance.
The main components are conservation of natural resources like Ground Water, Forest, fossil fuels, minerals and ores along with the physical change. this is done by:
1. Using recycling of substances like paper, wood and other industrial waste.
2. Increasing the forest area or planting of plants is advised for good occasions.
3. To maintain Water Cycle by preventing pollution or filtration.
4. Preventing soil erosion and using barren land for cultivation purposes.
5. Controlling various cycles by judicious use of each component.
6. Less use of fossil fuels and more use of non-conventional sources.
Q19 What are waste substances ? Give its basic types and examples ?
Ans:- Various types of substances produced in industries (as left over), in homes, in fields or in plants (Industrial Plants) after obtaining the actual product are called as waste products.
Types:-
1. Biodegradable Waste:-Those waste materials which can be decomposed by bacteria or other microorganisms so that they can be recycled and reused in nutrient pool, msn can use them to obtain other useful things are called biodegradable substances. E.g. animal waste, agricultural waste, parts of plants & animals, and various types of food materials. Positive uses: These materials can be used to obtain Biogas, related substances, Artificial Bricks, Paper, Decorative Articles, visiting cards and other materials.
2. Non-Biodegradable Waste:- Those waste material, which cannot be decomposed by any type of microorganisms or biological agents into simpler substances or their natural recycling is not possible are known as Non-Biodegradable Waste. E.g. Pesticides, plastics, polybags, Empty Refills, Fibers, Glass, Metal Objects, Foils, Nails and Radioactive Waste
35. How man manuplate his environment ?
Ans. Man can change its conditions and surroundings according to his requirement. He over exploit the natural resources, kill various animals cut forest to make cities and field. By this he distribute ecological balance man can use various fuel and chemical.
36. What is pollution? Give its types and various pollutant?
Ans.
(a) Pollution – It is undesirable cantiamination of environment which changes the physical, chemical and Biological composition of air, water, soil and environment which cause bad effect or life called as pollution.
(b) Pollutant – It is harmful substance which continent the environment cause pollution called as pollutant.
(c) Biodegrable pollutant – Those pollutant which can rapidly decompose into simpler substance by natural process are called Biodegrable pollutant. e.g. agriculture waste.
(d) Non–Biodegrable – Those substance which cannot decamped into simpler form by any process natural and start acumalting in environment called as non–Biodegrable. e.g. PPT.
Bio–Magnification – It is the increasing constration of accumulated pesticides in food chain.
Water Pollution – It is the continent auction of water with sewage industrial waste, agriculture chemical slits and other waste material. Some poisonous metal and disease causing germs known as Water Pollution.
The polluted water cause diseases like cholera, typhoid, dysentery, diarrhoea botulism heapatitis (jaundices) etc.
Air pollution – It is a undesirable mixing of various gases from automobiles exoist, industrial smokes various combination, decomposition in air which does not reduced by cycle and other natural process called as Air pollution.
Some acidic gases like sulphur dioxide, oxide of nitrogen when mixed in rain water and cause acid rain. This rain can damage metal, old building and various types of plants and animals.
Land pollution – It is the degradation of land by putting solid waste industrial waste, chemicals, domestic waste, garbage and other non–biodegradable substance.
37. Effect of Air pollutant on environment ?
Ans.
(a) The increase in acidic acid cause acid rain which, damage and weaken bridges, historical monuments, stonework, plants and animals.
(b) The increases in carbon–dioxide increases the atmospheric temperature caused warming and green house effect resulting the melting of ice burgs and snow to cause flooding in coastal areas.
(c) The excessive use of cloro, flora carbon, clora, flora hydrocarbon and erosols may decomposes ozone layer and alow the ultra–violet rays to reach at earth. This causes darning of skin damaging and various cancers.
(d) Noise pollution – The high sound which is produces by various sources like automobile air craft industries and other machines causes unwanted noise resulting noise pollution. This cause hedic defness impairs focusing and hiber teshion, change in DNA structure.
38. What is deforestation and how it is conserved?
Ans. Deforestation – The cutting of trees at large scale is called as deforestation.
Effect of deforestation – It causes increase in temperature, increase in carbon dioxide, lowering of water table less rain, high flooding less oxygen, increases soil erosion and cause drought floods and flourishes. It also complete the various wildlife specks to dislocated.
Conservation – It is define as the management for benefit of all life. In cuedina human kind of the biosphere its three objective are :
(a) To maintain essential ecological.
(b) Life support system.
(c) To preserve biological diversity.
(d) To ensure that only utilization of spices and eco–system is sustainable.
(e) It control the climate of the region.
(f) It control soil erosion.
39. Soil conservation – It is the slips taken to mountain the first life of soil. It helps to control the upper layer and micro–tube conservation of soil helps
(a) Protective of soil from impact of rain drops.
(b) to prevent water from collection and moving down to a slope in a narrow path.
(c) Slow down the water movement.
(d) To increase the penetration of water in the soil.
(e) To increase the size of soil particular.
(f) Production of wind speed.
(g) It helps in the growth of soil plants to hold soil.
Deforestation – The steps taken to increase the forest area by planting new trees and good variety of plants called as Deforestation. It checks the wind speed.
Fuels